What is the heart structure, circulation pattern, nitrogenous waste, excretion and thermal control of Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.

Md Ariful Islam

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Md Ariful Islam

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In amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, blood flow is directed in two circuits: one through the lungs and back to the heart, which is called pulmonary circulation, and the other throughout the rest of the body and its organs including the brain (systemic circulation). In amphibians, gas exchange also occurs through the skin during pulmonary circulation and is referred to as pulmocutaneous circulation.

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