Which first-row transition metal has the most unpaired electrons?

Md Ariful Islam

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Md Ariful Islam

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Chromium. Is it also the most paramagnetic? Why or why not?

The only candidates would be , i.e. the ones with close to five $3d$ electrons ($"Cr", "Mn", "Fe"$).

Iron has the :

$[Ar] overbrace(3d^color(red)(4))^"unpaired" overbrace(3d^2)^" already paired" 4s^2$

$underbrace(ul(uarr darr)" "ul(uarr color(white)(darr))" "ul(uarr color(white)(darr))" "ul(uarr color(white)(darr))" "ul(uarr color(white)(darr)))$
$" "" "" "" "" "" "" "3d$

$ul(uarr darr)$
$4s$

Manganese has the electron configuration:

$[Ar] overbrace(3d^color(red)(5))^"unpaired" 4s^2$

$underbrace(ul(uarr color(white)(darr))" "ul(uarr color(white)(darr))" "ul(uarr color(white)(darr))" "ul(uarr color(white)(darr))" "ul(uarr color(white)(darr)))$
$" "" "" "" "" "" "" "3d$

$ul(uarr darr)$
$4s$

But chromium has...

$[Ar] overbrace(3d^color(red)(5) 4s^color(red)(1))^"unpaired"$

$underbrace(ul(uarr color(white)(darr))" "ul(uarr color(white)(darr))" "ul(uarr color(white)(darr))" "ul(uarr color(white)(darr))" "ul(uarr color(white)(darr)))$
$" "" "" "" "" "" "" "3d$

$ul(uarr color(white)(darr))$
$4s$

$6 > 5 > 4$, so...

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